It's a little bit of everything. Echo location to some digree from the sound feedback you get while tapping the cane on the ground as you pass by objects. As for texture differences lots are determined from the vibrations traveling up the cane.

Drag a pen over a keyboard, and then a desk to get a bit of a idea.

Hope this helps :)

For me it's mostly tactile, I use it for obstacle detection, avoidance, and navigation. The way I was trained to use it is I cross the cane to the opposite side of the foot that is taking a step and I always keep in step. Basically one step, one sweep and the next step is always clear because I cleared it one step ahead of time. I also refitted two of my canes with ceramic tips, and another one has a metal tip, those allow me to get more tactile feedback on the surface and they also make more distinct sounds so I know if I'm about to step off concrete and onto asphalt which can be useful if there isn't a super distinct curb for me to detect on. That's just me though, there are tons of ways people use their canes to get around, you just kind of figure out what you need and you make it happen.

It's probably a 70/30 split for me between tactile feedback and echolocation. I learned oh & M using a sweeping technique with the roller tip on my cane, so it keeps in constant contact with the ground and gets me full feedback of what surfaces I'm on. From the sound the cane makes, I can generally get some spatial reasoning of obstacles in front and around me, like shorelining walls or if I'm about to walk into a parked car, etc. I can generally hear the sound reflected before my cane hits an object.