I'm going to guess no unless you have control over his computer some how which may really affect his lesson. When you passively screen share it's basically just a picture. If you screen mirror it works... like for iOS devices, but again what you do on your computer would affect his screen. I would ask for an electronic copy of the PowerPoints. You can follow along and take notes and switch screens without affecting anyone else. Maybe have your professor say the number of the slide he is on when he switches them so you can make sure you are on the right slide.

Just use an alternative method, recording having a notetaker,having access to the slides. Just participate ETC.... I do fine without screen sharing or his powerpoints.

I don't have a lot of experience in this area but I would be surprised if a sharing screen can support a screen reader. I think your best option would be to explain your situation to your professor. Ask for the slides to be sent to everyone before class and ask the professor to announce when they change slides so that everyone can follow along.

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talking to your professor, let them know that there are probably others in the class with different kinds of disabilities in the class who will benefit from better accessibility.