If you mean building an actual 8-bit CPU you will need to buy an FPGA and read about VHDL or Verilog (the hardware development languages), and familiarize yourself with all the binary operations such as AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOR, NXOR, latches, flip-flops, and integer operations before even attempting to build the CPU. Getting output from the FPGA may be another problem since the output comes as an electrical signal that you can only read using either LEDs or an oscilloscope. There might be FPGAs with more advanced output ports such as RS232 that you can connect to a computer via a USB adapter, but you will still need to implement circuitry to interface with those ports.

I guess you could (but I'm a sighted person and cant tell from experience). Laying down components would be relatively easy, wiring them together would be awfully hard from what I can guess.
Have you tried working with Arduino? Maybe try that at first, you can achieve a lot with a few wires.

Oh man... it depends on how in-depth you want to go with it. If you're going to use existing components and don't want to build the microprocessor itself or hand-wire anything, you might be able to get a kit and modify the PCB with holtite sockets, eliminating the need to solder components.

Modifying the PCB would be tedious, but I feel like it could be done without vision, if you had a sighted friend who could look over it and make sure you hadn't missed anything along the way. It would just take a long time.

Here's a kit that might work: $1

You can get the holtites from $1

There's no way to order directly from CPUville - you have to email the guy about the kit. Maybe you could talk to him and see if he thinks the holtites would work. You could also ask if he would install them for you, since he offers other assembly services, if you wanted.