Have you tried Windows Magnifier? Hold the Windows key and press the plus key. Windows and minus to zoom out.

I rely on magnification constantly and prefer that to changing font size in specific programs, because then they don't match, like what's happening to you with Outlook.

That being said, if it's not uncomfortable for your coworkers, why not make things easy on everybody's eyes?

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I am surprised that you can't just zoom in, CTRL + or CTRL and scrolling with the mouse should work. Also you can use a magnifier program. And you can increase the font size for the whole system (it goes with different names: scaling, DPI, font size). Changing the display resolution is also an option, but it my result in blurry text.

Of course you can discuss this with your team. While I have no issues setting up my computer to my own needs I always run into trouble when looking at another person's screen (in real life or online sharing). I always tell them that the font size is too small, the contrast is too poor and the mouse pointer is literally invisible to me, so they should talk more instead of showing things on the screen.

Honestly, I would not send or ask to receive emails in non-standard size fonts.

You have a (not great, but functional) accommodation working right now. I'm sure that the problem with Outlook can be resolved. Are you using windows magnifier? If not, would that solve the problem temporarily?

I don't use outlook, but does this help?

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/change-the-font-or-font-size-in-the-message-list-57bd24a6-1f85-45ac-a657-fba877d3fe00

https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/tld/home/how_to/how-to_resources/microsoft_outlook_resources/changing_font_size

Putting it in your signature is a great idea, some people will catch on and use larger font. I don't think asking your team to up their font is in any way a burden on them. At least ask everyone once, don't remind them after every email they send that isn't big enough that might get annoying. I think you are overthinking the issue.

The other thing I want to say is, don't be embarrased or afraid to stand up for yourself because if you don't you can't count on anyone else to do it for you. If something would make your job easier, and I also imagine when you're doing your job well it makes other people's jobs easier as well and your team will appreciate that. You are also paving a path for those that come after you who may need help as well.

Does zooming in in the text not work? (Using Ctrl +) if not, might it be worth speaking with your IT team.