This might not be helpful to you at all, but here it goes. I’m a writing major, meaning pretty much everything I get for homework is reading. I also use a screen reader, and I never listen to anything twice. If I don’t get it, oh well. Class is just a discussion anyway, and I don’t have to participate if I don’t want to (or can’t because I just didn’t do the reading). Also, I sometimes only do half the reading. There are no tests at my college, only projects and essays which I can easily complete with the halves of chapters, articles, and essays that I do read. It depends on the class, so some you might take are the format, and won’t require you to retain any knowledge after the fact.

I’m also a person that just doesn’t need notes. If I write I down, I instantly forget it, so I can’t help you there.

Thirdly, I make sure I take breaks and have self care time. I’m horribly slow at getting work done if I’m burned out or tired. I usually never get back from class and do more work (my classes are 2 hours, and two days of the week I have two in a row, so that’s 4 hours straight of lectures). I will always take a long break before starting homework, and honestly, I do most of it over the weekend. I find it too stressful to get anything done during the week, so I cram it all on Saturday and Sunday. I never get a day off, but it works.

The inability to skim read stuff is an absolute killer and something I still struggle with after 20 plus years. There are services like wordtune which exist to automatically summarise text down to a smaller wordcount and it works to an extent but you would hesitate to trust it for something important like revising for an exam.

In the end if you have to stay up all night well so be it. Not great but if you want to get anywhere you do what it takes. I got through an undergraduate degree like that when I was really new to being blind and I laugh at how crap I was at everything, but the speed reading thing is something you may just have to deal with.

I have no tips on increasing efficiency for reading and note-taking, because it's also something I struggle with, but I find that having a part-time workload makes uni a lot more manageable for me. In most cases, it would take longer, but that's probably not the end of the world. I'm in Australia though, not sure if you can do part-time study in other countries.

Dude, I relate to everything you're talking about a lot. I also am doing the community college to university route as a blind student. Depending on the course, I definitely found community college courses to take up a lot of my time. They were on the semester system as well. That's a really important aspect. The university I'm going to goes off the quarter system, which is 10 weeks instead of 16 or whatever the normal semester is. So the readings and assignments are compressed a lot compared to the semester. I am finding that classes are taking up a lot more of my time than before. It's not so much that it's harder at all, it's just a lot faster paced and stuffed with readings. I'm a political science major, so it's obviously going to be different based on your major. And I'm only taking 8 units so far in the quarters I've been, where as the full time standard is either 12 or 15 units, which seems insane to me.
What you said about relisting to material is so true. For reading Supreme Court cases, which we have to do a lot of in these classes, I choose to read the cases like 2-3 times. Once to understand the overall idea and details, then again to fully understand the arguments and reasoning. Then papers take so damn long because I have to re-read everything when I lose track and then looking through research papers takes a long time without the ability to skim effectively.
And the part you mentioned about how to balance this workload further once you get into grad school and actually into a career is something that's on my mind a lot. I also really want to figure out how to manage this balance. I still want to be able to find time to work out, spend time with friends, and not be a stressed out irritable mess all the time.
Sorry I don't have many answers, I just understand a lot of the issues you're discussing.
But if I could add a couple things, do you know if the university you're going to is on the quarter or semester system? That plays a big role in time constraints and workload.
Also, I'm not sure how set your choices are for your classes, in terms of your counselers and others choosing those things, but if you have a fair amount of choices and have to remain full time for various reasons, it's all about class selection and balance. I'm sure you know this already from community college, but it's even more applicable in university. It makes sense to balance say two upper division major classes that may have a lot of reading (or ideally find one or two that don't have alot of reading or busywork, ratemyprofessor and talking to people are great for this) with one or two "easy" classes. This is going to be subjective, but you can kind of tell with some classes. Again, talking to people about this will be helpful, and look at your university's subreddit, it may have a lot of useful information in that regard.
Also, someone else in the thread said this, but (strictly depends on the class), do your best to assess what readings MUST be read, and what isn't necessary. I'm finding that I can get by with skipping certain readings at certain times, not because of slacking, but just to fit in readings for other classes, but this is something you have to pick up from learning the professor and class layout.
Also, I offload mostly all my readings onto Dropbox and download them onto VoiceDream Reader, so I can walk around and listen to readings and read them on the way to class, etc.
Also, I tend to use two devices to take notes or write if I'm reading things. Like I will listen on my iPhone with an earbud in one ear and type on my computer with headphones on over my earbud. I just found that easier than alt abbing a lot, depending on the task.

Not all readings are important enough for you to take notes on them. Since you often need to reread passages, reading in braille may be better for you, though that will depend on your reading speed, how long you can do it, etc.

When it comes to reading, I slow my screen reader down a little bit. I can listen to it faster, but slowing it down a little gives me better comprehension which means I have to go back and reread fewer times which means I got done faster overall. Frequent breaks also helps a lot. Listening to a robot chattering all day is mentally taxing.